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As you end your mandate in Ethiopia, what are the most significant achievements and challenges you encountered in strengthening the EU-Ethiopia partnership during your tenure, and your memorable moments?

I arrived in Ethiopia – full of enthusiasm and expectations – in September 2021 at a time when the world was slowly seeing the end of the tremendously difficult period of COVID-19 as well as in the immediate aftermath of a global traumatising exit from Afghanistan I was involved in. In Ethiopia, the conflict was raging; disinformation and propaganda were at their peak; there was a lot of suffering. The Ethiopia-EU bilateral relations were also at a decades-long low because of the war and EU’s resolute position in favour of peace. In short – it was a very challenging time indeed to take over the leadership of one of our largest EU Delegations worldwide and be responsible for managing a development co-operation envelope of € 1 billion. Regrettably, in the very first weeks of my arrival, I had to organize the evacuation of all expatriate staff and families, as well as ensure the safety and wellbeing of our local staff– myself staying in Addis Ababa throughout the war, with a handful of dedicated colleagues.

In general, the legacy of the conflict, and the strain that the principled and vocal stance of the EU had on our relations, did certainly influence my time here. I can’t say it was a smooth posting. Nonetheless, with great support of the EU Member States and my team at the EU Delegation, we have worked to keep the bar high on international law principles, while maintaining dialogue. We worked on a new political roadmap for Ethiopia, culminating in the April 2023 Council Conclusions, unanimously approved by all 27 European Foreign Ministers and the EU High Representative. That sent a clear signal to Addis that the EU was open to gradually work on the normalisation of bilateral relations, within the context of progress on justice, peace and humanitarian access. Unfortunately, not everyone in Addis has understood that proposal, and the seriousness thereof, and has measured the importance of the hand we were lending. We could have done much more together if the readiness to re-engage had been reciprocated.

Particularly memorable moments, work-wise, during my time here, were visiting the Tigray Region for the first time with Humanitarian EU Commissioner Lenarcic in June 2022; creating and engaging with the EU-ETH Youth Sounding Board – an invaluable platform for us to discuss our policies and approaches with a diverse group of outstanding young Ethiopians. I was lucky enough to also be able to work as EU Ambassador to the AU for several months, with the great team we have in our EU Delegation to the AU. This was a lot of hard work overseeing two missions at the same time but thanks to the great staff in both, it gave me a unique insight to the workings of an organisation that has been modelled after the EU; also importantly, celebrating the ten-year anniversary of the European Chamber in Ethiopia – EuroCham – in 2022! Trade and people-to-people connections are the real bonds that tie societies together. EU companies do a fantastic job in Ethiopia and show great strength and incredible resilience in managing a number of concomitant challenges. I am also a Professor at the College of Europe – so engaging with energetic students to explain what the EU is all about at various Ethiopian Universities as well as at the UNECA were a great source of inspiration.

How has Ethiopia evolved during your time here? What are the most striking differences between the Ethiopia you arrived in and the Ethiopia you are leaving behind?

Most clearly, and encouragingly – thanks to the agreement – the conflict in the northern part of the country no longer devastates the lives of millions of Ethiopians. It is known that peace is not just the absence of war, it is the creation or re-establishment of a wider sense of humanity. Thus, although guns are by and large silenced in Tigray, other tragic conflicts have replaced it and continue to persist today, particularly in the Oromia and Amhara regions with instability also in peripheral regions.  A swift negotiated solution will have to be found and be tailor-made; one-size-fits-all accords never work.

Corruption and the reduction of public / civil society and media space have unfortunately not seen a trend towards improvement. This will be a tricky issue to deal with if not curtailed as soon as possible. It risks undermining an otherwise great Ethiopian culture and global perception – one of the real assets of the country.

On the wider geopolitical scale, I have seen Ethiopia seek to adjust to global shifts and test alternative models. The BRICS membership is the clearest indication of this. Understandably, Ethiopia wants to nurture relations with as many partners and organisations, balancing their acts, hedging their bets and reaping the fruits of multiple partnerships. But, as we have seen with the recently launched economic reform programme, the traditional UN-based IFI system of IMF and WB – which is fully backed by the EU and EU Member States – remains the most reliable and generous partner for the country, with much needed reforms having to be frontloaded in Ethiopia. Ethiopia could not find meaningful financial assistance matching its needs outside these classic channels. I hope reforms, needed under the IMF package, will be frontloaded, showing the real commitment of Ethiopia to move towards a market-oriented economy, more protective of businesses, with major impediments being tackled (corruption, extra-budgetary spending, prioritisation of expenses to pro-poor policies, fiscal transparency…).

I have also sensed an Ethiopia seeking to be more assertive, and “taking the lead”. This is a good thing if placed within the frameworks and clear principles enshrined in the UN and AU charters, which Ethiopia has signed up to, and honour the good practice of outreach and dialogue with sisters and brothers in neighbouring countries. The region needs Ethiopia to lead by ensuring stability internally and « exporting » security in the region. To be accepted as a leader, a country needs to build good and tension-free relations with its neighbours and with the wider international community.

What do you see as the biggest opportunity for Ethiopia in the next decade? What are the key areas where you believe the EU can make the most significant contribution to Ethiopia’s development in the coming years? 

I certainly don’t have a crystal ball. But, as briefly alluded in your question, the greatest asset of Ethiopia – on top of significant natural resources (land, water, power, mineral resources) – are its people. Everyone who visits this country notices an ability to work hard, and unparalleled resilience. Yes, Ethiopians want to do things “their own way” and this can be a bit challenging when it goes against normal practices found elsewhere, when international conventions that have been ratified are interpreted and implemented in a very flexible way. If we want to avoid chaos and wars, we humans need common rules and norms to be able to cooperate, to solve differences legally and peacefully. The rule of law and legal certainty are going through hard times, also in Ethiopia. I sincerely hope that in the face of increased opening to a global world and through economic times ahead, the situation can smoothen.

As far as opportunities go – there are many. The 21^st century will be the African Century, and Ethiopia as host of the AU and as one of the big diplomatic hubs in Africa will have to be counted in. Of course, maintaining the historic Ethiopian discipline, work ethic and highly enviable “esprit de corps” in a rapidly growing transactional environment will be challenging. The Addis Abeba Corridor Project – visionary but not without short to medium-term drawbacks for finances and the people – does show that when a goal is set, it can be achieved, and hopefully this vigour will pervade other undertakings and endeavours directly favouring the people in need, also in relation to long time partners. A remarkable set of reforms is being re-kindled by the administration – this is much needed, and the administration is to be lauded for taking a new path and breaking with some of the more protectionist approaches of the past. But the fundamental key to making the most of all opportunities is peace. So, I very much hope that the ongoing conflicts will be resolved in a peaceful way – sooner rather than later, and that a truly inclusive National Dialogue process settles a number of thorny issues and sets the course for the future.

As far as an EU (which of course includes EU Member States) contribution is concerned, the Ethiopian Green Legacy is possibly where we can do most. The Green Legacy is similar to our own EU Green Deal. Both work towards a re-thinking of our economies and touch on all aspects of life in Ethiopia and the EU. We have made great strides at home and under the right Rule of law conditions, can contribute tremendously – in particular through the Global Gateway – with our experience and investments.

How would you describe Ethiopia’s progress in building a genuine democracy? What kind of support can the EU offer to Ethiopia using lessons from the EU’s own democratic journey? 

The Ethiopian journey towards democracy is not that different from that of the rest of humanity. Ethiopia’s journey has started relatively late – and given that a number of key issues are still contested by some, the journey will have to have its own path, which will probably not be linear. It is not easy, but certainly worthy, as history has proven it, with strong and authoritarian regimes lasting less than democracies. Political regimes are mainly a question of political will by their leaders, so if the leadership really wants democracy in Ethiopia, the country has shown that it can do things when it believes in it.

Key for democracy are an educated / informed electorate (hence the need to focus on education), free and responsible balancing powers (media, civil society…), strong and independent institutions – and of course, most fundamentally, an agreement between the elites in a country that the democratic process is the way they will settle their differences. I see some commitment from a few in the country. The election in 2005 was perhaps a missed opportunity and the recent conflict has changed dynamics. If enough commit, it will happen – but not overnight. The EU is already supporting the Human Rights, elections, and other sectors that are vital to secure a level playing field for all. The European Parliament is looking to enhance co-operation with the House of People’s Representatives. We have had varying paths in the EU and EU MS. Many brave people have fought, and even lost their lives, in pursuit of this fragile but wonderful approach. Our experience and thus advice is to stay the course, allow for freedom of expression, free assembly etc – recognising at the same time that a great responsibility falls on all who engage with the process and that all will need to accept compromise, and take on a “negotiator takes all” instead of a “winner takes all” mentality.

What aspects of Ethiopian culture or society have you found particularly compelling in terms of their potential to contribute to global progress and understanding?

I recently visited Mercato in a detailed way. I was amazed to see the social and environmental role of this once infamous Mercato. Besides proving its bad reputation wrong (I met many nice and welcoming people), I was surprised to see the incredible contribution that Mercato provides in terms of recycling everything in every way. If Mercato did not exist, Addis Ababa would be much dirtier, as rubbish would stay in the streets instead of being collected to be reused. Without Mercato, many people would be without jobs, and this would increase insecurity and poverty. I therefore hope Mercato will survive the radical works of the Corridor, and even be protected as a heritage of the city.

One the cultural side – I have to say I have been blown away by Ethiopian music, an art very dear to me. The many varied styles of traditional music, the azmaris, the restaurants with great Ethiopian food and displays of truly original dances from the four corners of the country. And last but not least – Jazz, where freedom and creativity become music. I love Jazz as it is the music that best embodies politics: there can be many variations on a single theme, and there is a lot of improvisation. I have been blessed to meet and listen to some of the great profiles of Ethio Jazz, that truly unique sound and feel – which could only have originated on the back of the range of all the musical components of the country. I hope all Ethiopians, notably authorities, understand that artists and musicians are the best Ethiopian ambassadors abroad, and here locally. Cultural places need to be protected to make Ethiopia shine. So, long live Fendika and the EthioJazz clubs, and many others.

Other highlights for me were to host the 2024 World Jazz Day at the EU Delegation, with the participation of so many great Ethiopian stars, and the tradition of running. As many others, I have marvelled at great Ethiopian results throughout the ages and it has been a real pleasure and honour for me to continue our EU tradition of hosting annual Children’s Running races and collaborating with the sporting greats in doing so.

Given the evolving geopolitical landscape, how do you envision the future of EU-Africa relations? 

Today, there is an overwhelming confluence and flux of values and hopes, both in Africa and Europe. The partnerships between our two continents are however, in fact and looking beyond propagandist attempts by some, as strong as ever because our relations are ancient, deep, encompassing, and geographically close. Our societies are integrated to a large degree. The AU is modelled institutionally on the EU but will continue to develop its own purpose and its specific way of doing things. But we share ambitions on joint values in our respective AU and EU Charters – democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Now, we need to walk the talk, and ensure implementation of what was signed, helping each other.

The EU continues its offers on trade as the largest trading bloc in the world, based on transparent and comprehensive agreements, often non-reciprocal and favouring recipient countries. The EU’s highly preferential trade system called “Everything But Arms” (EBA) allows basically all (7200) commodities to be imported into the EU market duty-free and without any quantitative restrictions. That system helps to generate growth and create jobs in Africa. We unfortunately witness a “geo-politicisation of trade”. Figures show that some countries trade less with those that are more geopolitically distant, even if it is not in their long-term interest. We need political maturity to differentiate trade and politics, and to continue partnering on A even if we have a disagreement on B.

During your tenure, how receptive have Ethiopian authorities been to European Union Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

Let’s not forget that for any country, trading with the EU is trading with the largest and richest integrated bloc in the world. Few governments come to mind that would not extend a red carpet to European FDIs in their territories, given that they not only symbolize a full-pledge pecuniary commitment that is a direct result of the attractiveness of the local economy, but also supports key areas like employment and economic diversification. Most economies that are currently regarded as emerging or developed owe this, to some extent, to a high degree of FDI at some point in their history. The EU MS, after recovering from World War II, became a leading source of FDI for the world, cementing its strong ties with a large list of countries and regions. In this sense, the outward FDI from the EU to Ethiopia from 2020 to 2022 has remained steady at €1 billion yearly, representing a third of the total FDI this country has obtained in this period.

These figures are a testament of the EU’s private sector commitment with Ethiopia and acknowledgement of the opportunities it presents, because maintaining equal levels of EU FDI, despite the hindrances that many sectors and operators have to go through to conduct their business, is praiseworthy. The new governmental reforms aimed at attracting further FDI by, for instance, lifting restrictions in terms of FX retentions and profit repatriation, represent some of the necessary steps demanded by the investment community to overhaul its involvement in Ethiopia. I sincerely hope that these measures will be accompanied by others in economic and peace resolution terms to enable an FDI boom in the country.

Have you had the opportunity to visit rural areas of Ethiopia? If so, what insights did you gain into the lives of ordinary citizens beyond the statistics, and what do you envision for Ethiopia’s development moving forward?

I have visited all regions of Ethiopia, some on several occasions. I have always been very well received, at the highest level, in all regions. It is easier there to have a real political dialogue. I encourage all diplomats to work more with the regions, Ethiopia is not Addis only.

I have been truly impressed by all Ethiopian women – rural and urban – they are the backbone of the country! In what some might refer to as a society dominated by men, women nonetheless undertake remarkable economic and social roles. It is heart-breaking to see the heavy loads that many women carry on their backs on the roadside. Hopefully, they will soon – one way or the other – get affordable contraptions with wheels so they can either push or pull these loads. Many have commented that it was the Ethiopian women from all corners of the country – and in particular Empress Taitu – who played the really decisive role at the iconic battle of Adwa.

How do you assess the potential of EuroCham in enhancing the relationship between the EU and Ethiopia, and what role do you see it playing in this dynamic?

First, I want to pay a sincere tribute to EuroCham for the extraordinary work they do. I also want to express my admiration for the resilience and courage of European entrepreneurs, working under a climate of unpredictability, legal uncertainty and insecurity, just to mention a few of the problems of an overall unfriendly investment climate they face. I would not be personally able to do what they do.

I perceive EuroCham, which represents more than 180 European companies, as a vital catalyst in strengthening the relationship between the European Union and Ethiopia. Companies do business of course, but they create jobs for Ethiopians, lots of jobs; they bring high standards of Corporate Social Responsibility; they provide good working conditions to workers, which I hope can inspire some non-EU companies to do the same; they contribute to overall growth and prosperity. The role of the EuroCham in promoting trade, investment, and mutual understanding is an essential component of the EU’s action and engagement with Ethiopia, all the more important if we take into consideration the real needs of this country and the importance of the EU for its exporting businesses. EuroCham also produces excellent and regular “policy briefings”, which both identifies challenges and also constructively propose solutions. But for that to materialise, a real and regular dialogue with all authorities is necessary. I hope the new IMF agreement will turn dialogue into a more natural thing in Ethiopia, and that the business environment will also be a focus of the reforms.

For Ethiopia to be more attractive to investments, a lot remains to be done. Frankly, the context for investors is not ideal. Many companies –not only European but also Asian, Middle East etc- have left Ethiopia, and not many get the necessary reassurances to invest.

Nevertheless, with our existing presence in the country, in 2023, Ethiopian exports to the EU amounted to €688 million, in line with the recorded exports in the previous three years, and this country strongly requires functional and independent business associations, like EuroCham, to strengthen its trade-oriented sectors and the economy as a whole.

By facilitating dialogue between European companies and Ethiopian authorities, EuroCham helps to identify and address challenges, streamline business operations, and ensure that the benefits of our economic partnerships are maximized for both sides. Its work is also instrumental in ensuring that European businesses operating in Ethiopia are well-informed about the local market conditions, regulations, and opportunities. This not only enhances their ability to succeed but also strengthens the confidence of new investors considering Ethiopia. The EU Delegation has gone hand in hand with EuroCham in our active engagement with the national and local authorities in numerous areas, from private sector development, to access to finance.

Hence, looking ahead, I see EuroCham playing an even more dynamic role in the evolving EU-Ethiopia relationship. As Ethiopia continues to implement its ambitious economic reforms, EuroCham will be key in supporting these efforts by fostering partnerships, encouraging responsible business practices, and ensuring that European investments align with Ethiopia’s development goals. In this way, EuroCham will not only contribute to the economic growth of Ethiopia but also solidify the ties between our regions, making the EU-Ethiopia relationship more robust and future-proof.

A technical meeting between the Ethiopian Ministry of Finance and representatives from the European Chamber in Ethiopia (EuroCham) and the European Union Delegation was held on July 24, 2024, aiming to address key challenges faced by European foreign direct investors in the country. The meeting was attended by H.E. Ahmed Shide, Minister of Finance, alongside senior officials from the Ministry and EuroCham Board members, including leaders from various sectors such as agriculture, logistics, and manufacturing.

The Minister opened the meeting by extending a warm welcome to the Charge d’affaires of the European Union Delegation to Ethiopia, Dr. David Krivanek. He acknowledged the EU’s role as a vital trade partner, emphasizing the significance of the ‘Everything But Arms’ (EBA) initiative, which allows Ethiopian goods to enter European markets tariff-free. He noted that Ethiopia’s exports to the EU reached EUR 688 million in 2023, marking a 40% increase over the last five years and that Europe collectively constitutes the largest and most consistent development partner.

Dr. David expressed appreciation for the opportunity to engage with the Ministry and highlighted the EU’s ongoing commitment to supporting Ethiopia amid various challenges. He pointed out that the EU remains the second largest trade partner for Ethiopia and a significant source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). However, he outlined persistent issues hindering investment, including limited access to foreign exchange, inconsistent customs valuations, and bureaucratic hurdles.

During his remarks, Ben Depraetere, Board Chair of EuroCham, outlined several key issues impacting the investment landscape for European companies operating in Ethiopia. Among the foremost challenges are difficulties related to customs valuation and tax assessment and audit challenges that European businesses encounter. It was pointed out that the current processes often lack transparency and consistency, creating uncertainty for investors. Furthermore EuroCham stressed that the current audit appeal procedure is problematic as companies are required to deposit 50% of the tax claim in case they want to appeal and a further 25% if further appeal is required. EuroCham highlighted that unfounded tax claims can severely strain company liquidity, potentially leading to business closures. This would have detrimental consequences for employment and sustainable revenue generation. Furthermore it may open doors for corruption with auditors seeking personal gains. The Minister responded that while everyone has a responsibility to contribute to revenue generation, it should not hinder legitimate businesses. The Minister invited EuroCham to propose suggestions and best practices on tax appeal procedures. EuroCham also highlighted challenges in accessing foreign loans due to the 5% interest rate cap.

Regarding VAT, the minister explained that the increase in VAT on consumer goods is part of the drive to increase the tax to GDP rate from its current 7% to 11% in 4 years time. He emphasized that the strategy is being implemented with a focus on protecting the poor. EuroCham noted that the recent VAT reforms have removed the exemption for animal feed and vegetable seedlings. This change will affect smallholder farmers and consumers as VAT will now be passed on to end consumers for animal products and vegetables. The Minister acknowledged the remarks and assured EuroCham that the matter would be investigated further.

Finally, EuroCham pointed out significant logistical challenges within Ethiopia’s coffee sector, emphasizing the need for improved infrastructure and support systems to facilitate smoother operations for foreign investors in this vital industry. This is particularly urgent given the impending EU Deforestation Regulation, which necessitates timely shipments. The Minister took note and expressed his commitment to address the booking and system issues related to ESLE and Ethiopian Railway Corporation with the Ministry of Transport and Logistics.

The Minister concluded by emphasizing that the issues raised affected not only European investors but also all foreign investors and local businesses. Hence addressing these topics will lead to improving the business climate for all.

The meeting served as a platform for open dialogue, with participants agreeing to systematically address these challenges to enhance the investment climate in Ethiopia. During the meeting, EuroCham handed a copy of its policy briefs on tax, customs, foreign exchange and land access to the Minister. EuroCham members expressed optimism about the potential for collaboration between the chamber and the Ministry of Finance, aiming to create a more conducive environment for European FDI in the country.

[Addis Ababa, August 9, 2024] – The European Chamber in Ethiopia (EuroCham) commends the Government of Ethiopia’s and the National Bank of Ethiopia’s (NBE) decision to introduce a market based exchange rate, eliminate the waiting list and priority ranking for foreign exchange (FX), lift import restrictions on numerous items and delegate more authority to commercial banks for FX management. EuroCham believes these bold reform measures will enhance transparency and predictability for businesses seeking FX access in the medium term as well as lead to an increased FX availability for the manufacturing and import-substitution sectors.
The reforms, seen as liberalizing and eliminating many of the regulatory restrictions that used to be in place, aim to significantly diminish the role of the parallel black market by attracting FX back into the formal market. The announced measures, therefore, have the potential to address long standing macroeconomic imbalances. The gap between formal and parallel markets has currently narrowed to a single digit. The current trend observed in the unification of the exchange rates would incentivize the commodity exporter as it allows to rectify the mismatch between the international commodity prices and the domestic prices as well as allow for exporting manufacturers to improve their liquidity position which had been eroded due to the overvaluation of the ETB, while most of the domestically purchased goods and services were already factoring in the black market rate. Attracting the FX back into the formal system would also stop the self-destruction of certain export sectors where exporters have been selling at a loss in order to sustain their import business where imported goods were sold at highly inflated margins to compensate for the sustained losses. Eurocham has observed that prices of agricultural commodities have seen unexplained price hikes over the past two weeks driven by profiteering brokers and middlemen. Unless this trend is countered, this will impact the effectiveness of the export incentives the directive had envisioned.EuroCham also observed price surges of goods in wholesale and retail and believes it will be important for the relevant authorities to address such behaviour, especially regarding traders and manufacturers holding stock and hoarding products. While inflation is to be expected from such reform, it will also be important that inflation is kept under control in order to protect the livelihoods of those on low and fixed incomes. While increased investment in the Productive Safety Net and the announced adjustment of the lowest salary brackets are intended to address the impact of inflation, they could exacerbate inflation if left unchecked.
For the reforms to be effective, a multistakeholder approach is required to ensure that FX inflows enter into the formal system through an attractive and transparent FX exchange system. While the new directive should offer the incentives for exporters and importers alike and for remittance from the diaspora to enter into the formal system, coordinated efforts between the Ministry of Revenue and Customs Commission will be required to stop the illicit flows, create a level playing field and take away the incentive of the unregulated trade that has been persisting for too long. Current observations indicate uncertainty in the trading environment with supply and demand for FX slowing down.
EuroCham also views the lifting of import restrictions on 38 items by the NBE as a positive development. However, the continued ban imposed on importing fuel powered vehicles remains a significant hurdle for the private sector, specifically for those investments operating in remote corners of the country without appropriate infrastructure for EVs. Similarly, while the removal of restrictions on Franco Valuta imports is anticipated for both businesses and individuals, bureaucratic challenges persist. Current customs restrictions on FV imports, even for essential spare parts and crucial inputs and raw materials for the manufacturing sector, are hindering the sector and contradict the announced reforms by NBE.
Ethiopia’s new foreign exchange regulations differentiate between inflows related to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and export proceeds. While FDI inflows can be fully retained in foreign currency, exporters must currently surrender 50% of their earnings at a freely negotiated exchange rate and can only retain the remaining 50% for a maximum of 30 days. While NBE has announced that both the retention rate and the retention period may be adjusted from time to time, EuroCham expresses concerns about the practicality of the mandatory surrender after 30 days, given the current lengthy global supply chains and the logistical challenges posed by the Red Sea crisis which hinder timely imports. This would necessitate extraordinary measures for businesses to align import schedules with export earnings in order to access their own export retention proceeds. Eurocham reiterates its viewpoint that FX retention rates for the export manufacturing sector (those who add value and require inputs) shall be higher compared to the FX retention rates of exporter traders
The regulations maintain restrictions on advance payments for imports, limiting them to $5,000. While the possibility of larger advance payments has been introduced and could be used as an alternative solution to overcome the challenges posed by the mandatory surrender of the retained export earnings after 30 days, it requires the submission of a foreign bank guarantee, thereby increasing complexity and costs for importers.
In addition to retaining half of their export earnings, exporters can now negotiate to repurchase the remaining portion from their banks at the prevailing selling rate. This flexibility is expected to alleviate foreign exchange shortages, potentially reduce costs for import-substitution manufacturers, and enable the utilization of their manufacturing capacity, which has been idle due to persistent FX shortages over the past years. The ability of exporters to freely use their own foreign exchange for purchasing goods and services within the same legal entity also marks a groundbreaking shift in Ethiopia’s economic landscape.
The directive now enables credit card payments and e-commerce for export activities, streamlining common international practices in trade processes. Additionally, expat workers can now transfer their net bonuses and pensions abroad, addressing a long-standing concern. Previously, only their monthly net salary could be remitted overseas.
Domestic companies involved in export, import substitution, road construction, or agriculture machinery can now obtain supplier credit in foreign currency. Other positive developments include the removal of interest rate ceilings on foreign loans, a long-standing demand from EuroCham as the former interest rate cap of 5% was no longer able to accommodate the growing global interest rates.
The new regulations allow big scale mining, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and strategic foreign direct investments (FDIs) to establish offshore accounts. It also introduces favorable conditions for Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Industrial Parks (IPs). Companies operating within these zones can now invoice and settle payments in foreign currency amongst each other, enhancing operational efficiency and flexibility which is believed to promote value chain additions and cut back on import requirements.
Additionally, the authorization of forex exchange bureaus is a crucial step towards addressing the scarcity of foreign currency notes in the formal economy which will benefit outbound travelers. Some of the additional measures introduced to address the acute shortage of foreign currency that has plagued the banking system include requiring foreign visitors to pay for hotel and airline services in foreign currency, allowing employees of foreign companies and international organizations to open foreign exchange accounts with fewer restrictions, and promoting the use of foreign currency debit and credit cards within Ethiopia. Moreover, individuals can now purchase up to $5,000 or 10% of their account balance in foreign currency for travel abroad, a significant improvement over previous restrictions. These measures, together with a more unified exchange rate are expected to stimulate the inflow of FX into the formal market, including remittances originating from the diaspora community, and reduce the demand for black market exchange.
The new exchange regulations do not explicitly enforce the use of the Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Service (ESL), allowing for potential future competition in the sector. While the Ministry of Transport and Logistics currently still retains control over the mandatory use of ESL, the directive leaves room for the eventual elimination of its monopoly.
On a different note, the regulation presents challenges for the floriculture sector. The persistence of minimum export prices for flowers, coupled with uncertainty over whether freight charges must be remitted on top of the FOB value, is creating significant difficulties for the industry. While the government retained the minimum export prices for flowers with the aim to control the mandatory remittance, these measures risk undermining Ethiopia’s competitiveness in the global flower market as Ethiopia is subject to global pricing. EuroCham is advocating for the complete removal of minimum export prices altogether so that exporters can compete freely in the global market.
The regulation allows foreign investors to purchase FX from commercial banks at the prevailing exchange rate to transfer shareholder earnings for future dividends. On the other hand, the new regulation establishes a tiered approach to backlogged dividend repatriations. These are dividend repatriations approved by NBE but not yet paid by banks before July 28, 2024, awaiting further clarification. As the unforeseen devaluation of the ETB is causing significant concerns among investors, wiping out about half of the accumulated backlogged shareholder earnings, it could lead to further erosion of shareholder value and confidence. EuroCham will continue to advocate for a more FDI friendly solution for the backlogged dividends.
Overall, the new directive consolidates previous regulations into a single document, providing greater clarity and transparency for businesses and prospective foreign investors leading to an improved business climate. EuroCham believes that the announced historical reforms could bring about a landslide change into the macro-economic landscape and address longstanding discrepancies allowing the free-floating exchange rate to address structural distortions. While EuroCham welcomes the FX regulatory reforms, the real impact is to be seen in the coming months once the market forces have settled and the FX reserves in the formal system have increased. The announced reforms will however only succeed if the relevant government stakeholders such as customs, tax authorities, trade regulators, security forces and NBE jointly crack down on illicit actors whereby the rule of law and peace and security shall prevail and anti-inflation measures are rapidly implemented.

The European Chamber in Ethiopia hosted its latest monthly CEO networking event on June 13, 2024, featuring Tilahun Esmael (PhD), CEO of the Ethiopian Securities Exchange. The CEO acknowledged the strain of providing sufficient government jobs for a population exceeding 120 million. He emphasized the urgent need to nurture the private sector, aiming for it to drive at least 70% of future job creation. This focus is fueled by projections of a staggering 20 trillion birr public sector funding gap over the next decade, with annual increases of 20-25% expected. The current system, reliant on tax revenue that covers less than half of government expenses, necessitates alternative financing solutions. Currently, some of the government’s funding comes from a patchwork of loans, grants, deficit spending, and even occasional borrowing from local sources.

Reflecting on Ethiopia’s reliance on foreign borrowing for development and the need to expand domestic financing options, Tilahun says, “If the capital market is created, the government could issue marketable treasury bills, attracting investment from a broader range of sources – commercial banks, individuals, businesses, and potentially even foreign investors. Both the government and private sector need significant long-term finance, and that’s exactly what capital markets do.” While advocating for exploring the local currency bond market – currently receiving investment only from banks and the nation’s two pension funds to which both the public and the private sector contribute – the CEO cautioned that results wouldn’t be instantaneous.

Beyond bank loans, long-term financing remains a hurdle for Ethiopia’s private sector. The CEO pointed out the personal risks associated with traditional financing methods. Securing loans for projects exceeding 10 years becomes a challenge, often requiring collateral like homes or entire companies, essentially putting families’ financial security at stake. “The question is how can some of the big projects that we want to have in this economy be financed through equity capital. It could be the next fertilizer company, the next agrochemical company and the next large agriculture plantation which cannot be financed the way we have been financing businesses. Much of the FDI that comes into Ethiopia is actually financed in this way through equity capital,” says Tilahun. He reiterated that the two core goals of the exchange in capital markets is financing for the private and public sector, while acknowledging markets are not a panacea in terms of access to finance for the private sector even in a developed economy.

The Ethiopian Securities Exchange anticipates a future equity market. The plan includes listing some state-owned enterprises (SOEs) on the exchange. Telecom Ethiopia is already publicly owned, and under the Ethiopian Investment Holdings (EIH), five additional SOEs have been identified as potential listings. These companies have undergone listing readiness assessments, paving the way for potential partial or full privatization in the future. “We have almost more than 16 banks, all the major banks as our shareholders, around 12 insurance companies and additional about 17 non -financial entities as shareholders of the exchange. We bring an added value by facilitating the interbank money market,” says Tilahun.
To cater to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), the exchange plans to establish a growth market. Similar to the main market, this platform will have quality control measures. However, the listing requirements will be less stringent. Companies on the growth market might not have a long track record (less than 3 years) or audited financial reports, but they should demonstrate a clear path for future growth. This distinction between the main and growth markets allows promising SMEs to access capital even if they don’t meet the stricter criteria of the main market. This initiative, encompassing both equity and debt financing, represents a key goal for the exchange.

The CEO reflected that the development of capital markets is shifting globally with a shrinking number of listed companies alongside a rising market capitalization. He mentioned the New York Stock Exchange with a market cap that has been steadily climbing over the past three decades, despite a decrease in the number of listed companies. He said this trend seems to be mirrored across Africa. “The entire market capitalization in Africa is not more than 1.25 trillion US dollars. That’s most likely less than the Thailand exchange or any of probably the major Asian exchanges. The Johannesburg stock exchange takes 90 % of it while other countries divide the remaining 250 billion dollars. In these markets, we are seeing a limited number of listings but higher market valuations. Capital markets are trying to create depositors of value,” Tilahun says. A key objective for the investor side lies in fostering an ecosystem that encourages Ethiopians to save even small, incremental amounts. This would ultimately create a substantial pool of capital. To achieve this, the CEO highlights the need to significantly enhance the ability to contribute to pension funds and collect smaller investments. “Ethiopia saves about 30% of its GDP, which is a significant figure and probably one of the few things that are higher compared to other countries in the region. But I’m afraid that much saving has not translated into financial saving,” reflects Tilahun.

The success of a capital market hinges on attracting both high-quality companies and interested investors. The private sector needs to establish strong businesses with sound corporate governance and financial reporting. These companies must then be enticed to list on the exchange, choosing to raise capital through this public market over traditional methods such as bank loans, private equity, or self-financing. “When economies grow, our ability to save increases, but our ability to save it in something appropriate does not increase simultaneously. Capital markets offer a solution for that,” Tilahun says.

Summarizing the benefits of the capital market, the CEO mentioned that it would help the government raise finance through issuing treasury bills and bonds, creates a platform for companies to raise capital through equity markets, fosters a culture of saving and financial investment and enables individuals to invest in a wider range of financial instruments beyond the current trend of focusing on real estates.

The recent European Business Organizations (EBO) Conference held in Brussels from June 3 to 7, 2024 showcased a robust gathering of global business leaders focused on navigating complex economic challenges and opportunities. Hosted by Jason Collins, Chair of EBO Global, the event drew record attendance, underscoring its growing influence with 54 member organizations worldwide.

Key discussions revolved around pivotal themes including the rise of Africa as a trade priority, the implications of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), and strategic responses to the evolving US-China trade dynamics.

With Africa witnessing the fastest membership growth, discussions highlighted its strategic importance due to rich natural resources and burgeoning population. Member nations emphasized the need for balanced partnerships that foster sustainable growth across the continent. EBO Ethiopia raised the foreseeable challenges in relation with the implementation of EU Deforestation Regulation in the coffee value chain that will impact more than 5 million small holder farmers across the country.

Central to deliberations was the EU’s commitment to the Green Economy, with stringent CBAM regulations aimed at ensuring global exporters meet EU environmental standards. Concerns were raised regarding the potential cost burdens for businesses, including SMEs, navigating supply chain complexities.

Amidst escalating US-China trade tensions, participants explored the EU’s approach to de-risking its exposure to China, emphasizing adherence to WTO rules and advocating for fair global trade practices. This approach aims to balance economic growth with environmental stewardship.

While the conference focused on economic strategies, including critical raw material partnerships and digital investments, it also addressed geopolitical uncertainties such as the Ukraine conflict and implications for EU policies.

Overall, the conference provided a platform for proactive dialogue and strategic planning among global business leaders, reinforcing EBO’s pivotal role in shaping international trade policies and fostering economic resilience.

For more information, visit EBO Worldwide Network.

After nearly half a century, Ethiopia announced that it is inviting foreign investors back into its trading sector. This landmark decision, announced in April 2024, signals a move away from the country’s previous strategy of shielding domestic businesses. The upcoming reforms were discussed during the European Chamber’s monthly CEO networking event that took place on May 16, 2024. Members of the European Chamber had the opportunity to discuss the directive and get some more insights from H.E. Hanna Arayaselassie, member of the Ethiopian Investment Board and Commissioner of the Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC), who was the guest speaker at the event.

The Commissioner explained that the Ethiopian Investment Board meticulously planned this reform. Their comprehensive study examined the experiences of other nations and evaluated the rationale behind Ethiopia’s long-standing protectionist trade policies. For decades, the Ethiopian government prioritized nurturing domestic wealth creation. The aim was to allow sheltered domestic companies to mature and eventually integrate with the global market. However, this limited competition disincentivized domestic businesses from venturing into higher-value activities like manufacturing. The government acknowledged the shortcomings of the previous approach. The closed system fostered significant challenges, including informality and illegal practices within the wholesale, retail, import, and export sectors. The new policy aims to address these issues by introducing foreign investment.

The Ethiopian government anticipates a series of positive outcomes from this reform. Increased competition in the trade sector is expected to benefit various stakeholders. Foreign suppliers will gain access to improved networks for distributing their products. Consumers are likely to experience lower prices due to increased competition. Additionally, by formalizing previously informal businesses, the government anticipates a rise in tax revenue. 

This move towards a more market-driven economy extends beyond the trade sector. The government has signaled its intention to further liberalize the logistics sector, underscoring a broader commitment to attracting foreign investment and fostering private sector participation. This reform has the potential to unlock significant economic growth for Ethiopia in the years to come. Previously restricted commodities like coffee, pulses, and oilseeds are now open for export by foreign investors. However, safeguards are in place. Companies with no prior Ethiopian sourcing experience must secure a minimum export transaction within their first licensing year, ensuring established business practices and a commitment to Ethiopian produce.

A significant shift is the opening of the import sector to foreign investors, excluding fertilizers. To participate, companies must either be manufacturers or act as authorized agents. Alternatively, a minimum import threshold has been established for the first year, catering to those without established Ethiopian partnerships.

The wholesale sector is now largely open, with investors only needing a standard contract. However, demonstrating a robust logistics infrastructure within Ethiopia is an additional requirement, ensuring efficient movement of goods. Foreign entry into the retail sector is permitted, but with limitations to protect smaller domestic retailers. These limitations likely involve minimum store size requirements, ensuring a level playing field.

The Ethiopian Investment Commission, responsible for issuing licenses, will prioritize applicants with proven experience and the capability to achieve the directive’s goals. Investors will also be expected to enter into detailed agreements, ensuring compliance with these goals. This directive represents a significant shift for Ethiopia, aiming to attract foreign investment and stimulate economic growth. By opening key sectors while implementing safeguards, the government seeks a balance between fostering development and protecting domestic interests.

The government has outlined a measured approach to liberalizing the trading sector, prioritizing controlled experimentation over immediate, sweeping reforms. This phased introduction reflects a desire to both unlock economic potential and ensure a smooth transition for all stakeholders.